Я экспериментирую с использованием f2py
для инкапсуляции кода C.
В качестве первого теста я подготовил два очень простых исходных файла на C:
module1.c
double multiply(double a, double b);
double multiply(double a, double b) {
return a*b;
}
module2.c
double divide(double a, double b);
double divide(double a, double b) {
return a/b;
}
Я компилирую оба файла следующим образом:
$ gcc -c -fPIC -o module1.o module1.c
$ gcc -c -fPIC -o module2.o module2.c
Затем я готовлю следующую оболочку модуля Fortran для обеих функций:
fortran_module.f90
! TEST FORTRAN WRAPPER
module fortran_module
use iso_c_binding
! Interface to C routine
! double get_price_step(double price);
interface
real(c_double) function multiply(a, b) bind(C)
use iso_c_binding
real(c_double), value :: a,b
end function
real(c_double) function divide(a, b) bind(C)
use iso_c_binding
real(c_double), value :: a,b
end function
end interface
end module
Я компилирую модуль, используя:
$ f2py -c -m fortran_module fortran_module.f90 module1.o module2.o
И я получаю следующий результат:
running build
running config_cc
unifing config_cc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --compiler options
running config_fc
unifing config_fc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --fcompiler options
running build_src
build_src
building extension "fortran_module" sources
f2py options: []
f2py:> /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.c
creating /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7
Reading fortran codes...
Reading file 'fortran_module.f90' (format:free)
Post-processing...
Block: fortran_module
Block: fortran_module
In: :fortran_module:fortran_module.f90:fortran_module
get_useparameters: no module iso_c_binding info used by fortran_module
In: :fortran_module:fortran_module.f90:fortran_module:unknown_interface
get_useparameters: no module iso_c_binding info used by unknown_interface
Block: multiply
In: :fortran_module:fortran_module.f90:fortran_module:unknown_interface:multiply
get_useparameters: no module iso_c_binding info used by multiply
Block: divide
In: :fortran_module:fortran_module.f90:fortran_module:unknown_interface:divide
get_useparameters: no module iso_c_binding info used by divide
Post-processing (stage 2)...
Block: fortran_module
Block: unknown_interface
Block: fortran_module
Block: unknown_interface
Block: multiply
Block: divide
Building modules...
Building module "fortran_module"...
Constructing F90 module support for "fortran_module"...
Skipping interface unknown_interface
Wrote C/API module "fortran_module" to file "/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.c"
Fortran 90 wrappers are saved to "/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_module-f2pywrappers2.f90"
adding '/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.c' to sources.
adding '/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7' to include_dirs.
copying /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.c -> /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7
copying /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.h -> /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7
adding '/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_module-f2pywrappers2.f90' to sources.
build_src: building npy-pkg config files
running build_ext
customize UnixCCompiler
C compiler: cc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -O2 -pipe -fstack-protector-strong -fno-strict-aliasing -fPIC
creating /tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm/tmp
creating /tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm/tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm
compile options: '-MMD -MF /tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm/file.c.d -c'
cc: /tmp/tmpjgjjhjtm/file.c
customize UnixCCompiler using build_ext
get_default_fcompiler: matching types: '['gnu', 'gnu95']'
customize GnuFCompiler
Found executable /usr/local/bin/gfort
ran9
gnu: no Fortran 90 compiler found
gnu: no Fortran 90 compiler found
customize Gnu95FCompiler
customize Gnu95FCompiler
customize Gnu95FCompiler using build_ext
building 'fortran_module' extension
compiling C sources
C compiler: cc -pthread -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -O2 -pipe -fstack-protector-strong -fno-strict-aliasing -fPIC
creating /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp
creating /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0
creating /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7
compile options: '-I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7 -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/include/python3.7m -c'
cc: /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.c
cc: /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.c
In file included from /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.c:15:
In file included from /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.c:2:
In file included from /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:12:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1822:
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:17:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with "
"#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with " \
^
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:12:
In file included from /usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1822:
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:17:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with "
"#define NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it with " \
^
1 warning generated.
1 warning generated.
compiling Fortran 90 module sources
Fortran f77 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran f90 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran fix compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
compile options: '-I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7 -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/include/python3.7m -c'
extra options: '-J/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/ -I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/'
gfortran9:f90: fortran_module.f90
compiling Fortran sources
Fortran f77 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran f90 compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
Fortran fix compiler: /usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -ffixed-form -fno-second-underscore -Wall -g -fno-second-underscore -fPIC -O3 -funroll-loops
compile options: '-I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7 -I/usr/local/lib/python3.7/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/usr/local/include/python3.7m -c'
extra options: '-J/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/ -I/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/'
gfortran9:f90: /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_module-f2pywrappers2.f90
/usr/local/bin/gfortran9 -Wall -g -Wall -g -shared /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_modulemodule.o /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortranobject.o /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/fortran_module.o /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0/src.freebsd-12.2-RC1-amd64-3.7/fortran_module-f2pywrappers2.o module1.o module2.o -L/usr/local/lib/gcc9/gcc/x86_64-portbld-freebsd12.1/9.3.0 -L/usr/local/lib -lpython3.7m -lgfortran -o ./fortran_module.so
Removing build directory /tmp/tmp9aa3w8b0
Это создает fortran_module.so
в каталоге.
Затем, вернувшись в Python, я пытаюсь сделать:
import fortran_module
Но я получаю ошибку сегментации:
$ /usr/local/bin/python3.7
Python 3.7.9 (default, Oct 3 2020, 01:29:35)
[Clang 8.0.1 (tags/RELEASE_801/final 366581)] on freebsd12
Type "help", "copyright", "credits" or "license" for more information.
readline: ~/.inputrc: line 1: nobeep: unknown variable name
readline: ~/.inputrc: line 1: nobeep: unknown variable name
>>> import fortran_module
Segmentation fault (core dumped)
Приветствуется любая помощь или намек на то, что я делаю неправильно. Я использую gcc
и FreeBSD
(я отказался от идеи использовать clang
и flang
, поскольку фланец FreeBSD, похоже, не поддерживает iso_c_bindings
).
Примечание. Я также пробовал использовать --fcompiler=gnu95
в качестве параметра f2py
, пытаясь убедиться, что flang
или clang
не используются.
bind(c, name="multiply")
. - person steve   schedule 25.06.2021f2py
в том, что для перемещения множества массивов вперед и назад не требуется никаких шаблонов. Насколько я знаю, это недостижимо сctypes
(вам нужен дополнительный шаг), и я не уверен, чтоcffi
вообще допускает массивы numpy. - person M.E.   schedule 26.06.2021